A systematic review of nanocarriers used in medicine and beyond - definition and categorization framework.

Summary

This systematic review synthesizes the heterogeneous nanocarrier literature across sectors and proposes a size- (1–1000 nm) and function-based definition along with a categorization by material origin/composition. The framework is intended to standardize identification and risk assessment of nanocarriers used in medicine, cosmetics, and beyond.

Key Findings

• Proposes a nanocarrier definition based on size (1–1000 nm) and function to support risk assessment.
• Introduces categorization by origin and chemical composition of constituent materials.
• Highlights broad usage in medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and consumer products with potential environmental release.
• Provides a literature-based approach to identify critical nanocarriers for subsequent evaluation.

Clinical Implications

For dermatology and cosmetic formulation, the framework guides selection and documentation of nanocarriers in topical and injectable products, informing safety assessment and regulatory submission.

Limitations

• Heterogeneous evidence base and potential lack of PRISMA-compliant methods limit reproducibility.
• No quantitative meta-analysis; framework awaits empirical validation in specific use-cases.

Future Directions

Develop standardized reporting checklists for nanocarrier characterization, and prospectively validate the framework in cosmetic and medical product pipelines, including environmental fate assessment.